“I come from a country where I had to be a certain way, but I can proof I am not like that”
Society in the Netherlands is diverse, more than 25% of the population has at least one parent born abroad [0]. People have different reactions to this diversity; some enjoy it, whilst others seem to be more reluctant. Regardless of someone's personal feelings about diversity, Dutch laws state that everyone should be treated equally. It is covered explicitly in the first article of the Dutch constitution:
“Everyone situated in the Netherlands, are treated equally in all cases. Discrimination because of religion, beliefs, political affiliation, race, gender, handicap, sexual orientation or other grounds, is not allowed.” (Article 1, the Dutch constitution)[1].
In addition, we have an Equal Treatment Act [2], and discrimination is a violation of multiple sections of the penal code [3]. The official stance of the Netherlands is clear: ‘discrimination should not happen within our country’.
Still, discrimination takes place on a daily basis. In 2023 alone, about 2 million people reported feeling discriminated against, which is more than 1 in every 10 people. And the majority of them experienced this more than once, in only one year's time. [4]
These 2 million people include women, persons with disabilities, members of the LGBTI+ community, and many more. However, the demographic that is visibly most discriminated against is first- and second-generation immigrants [4,5]. The discrimination against this group is only growing, as the figures from 2021 and 2023 demonstrate: Out of all the instances of discrimination in 2021, 26,6% was based on nationality [11]. In 2023 that percentage has risen to 33% [12]. This rise is most likely caused by the social climate around immigrants and refugees becoming more hostile [6]. There is a trend of lower solidarity and higher intolerance and tension within Dutch society. Although this is not only towards immigrants, they do experience this intolerance disproportionately.
“Applying for a study I got an email saying I had to only send my ID-card. I sent my ID and the next day I got a call telling me I cannot start, and that I have to take the IQ test again ... I was really disappointed that they treated me that way, they decided my future based on my background.”
11% of Dutch residents felt discriminated against
Types of discrimination
Discrimination is not just a myth created to police what we're allowed to say. It is a well-researched phenomenon that is experienced by many people with a real effect on their lives. Discrimination is the unfair treatment of a person based on personal characteristics [7] and can take many different forms [8]. People experiencing discrimination can receive negative comments, have more difficulties in finding a job or housing, experience aggressive behaviour, among other challenges.
There are two types of discrimination: interpersonal and institutional [9]. Interpersonal discrimination occurs between people.Sometimes this discrimination is visible, like aggressive behaviour or destruction of property. But racism can also be expressed more subtly, making it harder to recognise. This type of racism is called covert racism [13]. It stems from biases and it can range from microaggressions -small everyday slights and negative comments, that rely on stereotypes-, to influencing decision-making and behaviour.
Institutional or systemic discrimination is when organisations have policies, rules, and processes that discriminate against certain groups or people, creating a system that works against these groups [9]. These systems are the cause of covert racism, which can lead to profiling, worse access to social services, and stereotyping and stigmatising in the media [13].
A concrete example that shows the effects of institutional discrimination is the child benefits scandal (toeslagenaffaire). For years many parents were accused and prosecuted for fraud on their child benefits. As a result, people got into debt, lost their homes and more. For years people have tried to address the issue, unsuccessfully. Until 2018, when RTL Nieuws and Trouw reported on the matter. The issue quickly went viral, the Secretary of Finance resigned, and an investigation on the tax administration office was started. This investigation revealed that many parents were wrongfully accused of fraud by the Dutch tax office, causing big debts, loss of homes, psychological problems [14], and even the eviction of children by child protection [16]. Most of the victims targeted were families with a migration background [15]. In 2022, the tax administration office admitted that ethnic profiling was used in their procedures [17], making immigrants more vulnerable to wrongful accusations.
The child benefits scandal is a clear example of institutional racism. Research has found that institutional racism happens regularly, but usually there is not such clear evidence [18]. If the news hadn't picked up on it, there wouldn't have been an investigation that showed the problematic stereotyping in the system in use. The problematic practices would have gone unnoticed, still disproportionately harming people. If institutional racism is a recurring phenomenon, how many more systems like this are in place that simply go unnoticed?
“I have worked many places and they always ask me: are you doing the fasting? I’m not Muslim. It is not necessarily if I have a beard that I am Muslim.”
Different reasons
The reasons behind discrimination are complex and multifaceted. Studies highlight a few reasons, but they are not very exhaustive. Research has found that discrimination happens in varying settings, and who it affects. However, what really motivates people is still quite unknown and difficult to investigate.
The GGD (Dutch public health care organisation) distinguishes 5 reasons people discriminate [10]:
People are scared of what they don't know.
They view others as competition.
By talking down to another group, they feel better about themselves and the group they feel a part of.
They are looking for a scapegoat to blame problems on.
They have preconceived notions about another group, and let that influence how they treat them.
People often discriminate due to ingrained stereotypes, fear of the unfamiliar, or social conditioning that promotes "us versus them" mentalities. It is a subconscious fear of the unknown, which creates a gap difficult to bridge. Additionally, a lack of education on- or exposure to diversity can lead to prejudices and biases that manifest as discrimination.
Another motivator is a feeling of competition; a fear that others might take jobs or resources they need. As individuals and groups seek to protect their interests, this perceived competition can fuel discriminatory actions.
We live in a complicated world with a lot of complex issues. It would be easiest if there was just one group to blame for all our problems. However, this search for simplicity can lead to groups being blamed for problems they did not cause, and as an effect people treating them badly.
Recognising these varying motivations is essential for addressing the root causes of discrimination and in the end to abolish it. To create a country where everyone is treated equally, we need to understand the ways discrimination is a part of our society today.
“I saw the pure discrimination without any hiding, because most of the people who work there are from Eastern Europe, refugees, foreigners, whatever. And the team leaders and supervisors, they were awful … And there is no supervision from the government. It’s really bad conditions. It’s inhumane actually”
Real Impact
Regardless of the reasons, discrimination has serious consequences. Discrimination and prejudices have various effects that range from barely noticeable to fatal. It affects the victims, but also the society as a whole. 51% of people who experienced discrimination lost (some) trust in people [19]. Discrimination changes how people view each other and society, affecting how we interact, and influencing how we as a society behave.
Discrimination can have obvious direct effects: Not being hired can lead to unemployment and financial insecurity; being threatened can create a lasting sense of fear and lack of safety; being physically attacked can leave injuries; etc. However, discrimination has more effects, which can be less direct. [20, 34]: People who get discriminated against can get psychological issues, for example lower self-esteem, depression, or anxiety disorders. When someone is exposed to stress due to discrimination for extended periods of time, these issues can even turn into physical problems [21].
Discrimination leads to social exclusion, less (professional) chances, and even health issues. It is not just about people feeling uncomfortable, discrimination changes people's lives for the worse. If we want to create an inclusive environment where everyone can thrive and contribute to the collective good, it is important that the roots of discrimination get properly addressed.
The story of Hossein
Someone who deals a lot with racism is Hossein. Hossein is a 30 year old surgeon with 3 brothers, who fled from Iran 12 years ago. He is a musician, likes photography, and loves friendships where the door is always open. He is a kind and unique person with a lot of individuality. However, he notices that people often treat him based on prejudices and what they assume he must be like.
“The prejudices are still difficult to deal with. People are very surprised when you do everything well, and if everything is arranged justly.”
It is frustrating, he wants to be seen as a person, an individual, but too often he notices that people have prejudices and expectations that don't align with who he is. He has finished a study here, he works 5 days a week, it creates the question of “what do I need to do to show who I am and to be appreciated by society?”.
He mentions a lot of different ways he notices people discriminate against him, but also other refugees. From stereotyping, being looked at weirdly in the street or comments at work. But also people who ‘confide’ in him when they find out he is Iranian instead of Moroccan. People have said to him: ‘Why can't Moroccan youth act the way you do?’ as if he is one of the ‘good refugees’. It seems like racism is being normalised. “It's becoming normal to look at me negatively. … There's a normalisation of ‘you can say that on Dutch television’ [talking about people disrespecting Islam, calling it barbaric and saying muslims should die, and that all mosques should close].” He sees that racism is deeply ingrained throughout the whole country.
When he arrived here he felt like the Western world was very welcoming. He mentions that in Iran people judge you if you're a musician, or if you have long hair and he felt that here that was different. Until he learned Dutch, once he learned Duch he noticed that he is being treated differently here as well, a sad and confronting reality. “There they look at you like ‘Oh he is not a muslim’ and here they look at you like ‘Oh he is a muslim’.”
Coming to the Netherlands he had to redo his study in Dutch, during which he noticed that people treated him differently. He decided, I do not want to work in an academic hospital like this, I do not want to have to walk on eggshells when I'm at work. He now works as a freelancer in an international hospital, with international staff. He notices that the interactions with colleagues are different, less judgemental. When he does go back to a ‘Dutch hospital’ (a hospital with mainly white staff), he knows there's a proper chance that someone from the staff will be surprised that he works in the hospital, and not as a janitor. People assume he is not highly educated, and therefore have trouble recognising that he is a surgeon.
When asked what his hopes for the future are, he talks about the fact that we are all human. He hopes that we can accept that immigrants are not just here to bring us our post, but that they can be intelligent, they can help further develop the Netherlands. International cultures bring a lot of good, for example in music and food, and he hopes the respect for this will only grow.
He hopes for a day where people will start getting to know a person. Where people get treated as individuals, not as a predesignated idea.
“I don’t have to be viewed as Dutch, I just want to be viewed as a normal person.”
